Phase angle and rectus femoris cross-sectional area as predictors of severe malnutrition and their relationship with complications in outpatients with post-critical SARS-CoV2 disease.

Background and aims: The diagnosis of malnutrition in post-critical COVID-19 patients is challenging as a result of the high prevalence of obesity, as well as the variability and previously reported inconsistencies across currently available assessment methods. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) with phase angle (PhA) and nutritional ultrasound (NU®) are emerging techniques that have been proven successful in assessing body composition with high precision in previous studies. Our study aims to determine the performance and usefulness of PhA and rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF-CSA) measurements in assessing body composition as part of the full routine morphofunctional assessment used in the clinical setting, as well as their capacity to predict severe malnutrition and to assess complications and aggressive therapy requirements during recent intensive care unit (ICU) admission, in a cohort of post-critically ill COVID-19 outpatients. Methods: This prospective observational study included 75 post-critical outpatients who recovered from severe COVID-19 pneumonia after requiring ICU admission. Correlations between all the morphofunctional parameters, complications, and aggressive therapy requirements during admission were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and ROC curves were provided to determine the performance of NU® and PhA to predict severe malnutrition. Differences in complications and aggressive therapy requirements using the cutoff points obtained were analyzed. Results: In total, 54.7% of patients were classified by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as SGA-B and 45.3% as SGA-C, while 78.7% met the Global Leadership Initiative of Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. PhA correlates positively with body cell mass/height (BCM/h) (r = 0.74), skeletal muscle index (SMI) (r = 0.29), RF-CSA (r = 0.22), RF-Y axis (r = 0.42), and handgrip strength (HGS) assessed using dynamometry (r = 0.42) and the Barthel scale (r = 0.29) and negatively with ICU stay (r = -0.48), total hospital stay (r = -0.57), need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (r = -0.39), days of IMV (r = -0.41), need for tracheostomy (r = -0.51), and number of prone maneuvers (r = -0.20). RF-CSA correlates positively with BCM/h (r = 0.41), SMI (r = 0.58), RF-Y axis (r = 0.69), and HGS assessed using dynamometry (r = 0.50) and the Barthel scale (r = 0.15) and negatively with total hospital stay (r = -0.22) and need for IMV (r = -0.28). Cutoff points of PhA < 5.4° and standardized phase angle (SPhA) < -0.79 showed good capacity to predict severe malnutrition according to SGA and revealed differences in ICU stay, total hospital stay, number of prone maneuvers, need for IMV, and need for rehabilitation, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). An RF-CSA/h < 2.52 cm2/m (for men) and <2.21 cm2/m (for women) also showed good performance in predicting severe malnutrition and revealed differences with statistical significance (p < 0.05) in ICU stay and total hospital stay. Conclusion: More than 75% of the post-critical COVID-19 survivors had malnutrition, and approximately half were obese. PhA, SPhA, RF-CSA, and RF-CSA/h, when applied to the assessment of body composition in post-critical COVID-19 patients, showed moderate-to-high correlation with other morphofunctional parameters and good performance to predict severe malnutrition and to assess complications and aggressive therapy requirements during ICU admission. Besides being readily available methods, BIVA and NU® can help improve the morphofunctional assessment of malnutrition in post-critical COVID-19 survivors; however, more studies are needed to assess the performance of these methods in other populations.

[Nutrition and microbiota]. / Nutrición y microbiota.

Introduction: The microbes that reside in our human body make up our microbiota, and their genes are known as the microbiome. The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of functions. At present there is considerable evidence indicating that in the last 60 years there has been an important change in the composition of our microbiota. Dietary changes have been shown to have important effects on the microbiota in a very short space of time. The Mediterranean diet pattern causes changes in the microbiota towards a healthier profile. The changes induced by the Mediterranean diet could be explained, to a large extent, by its richness in polyphenols.

Introducción: Los microbios que residen dentro y sobre el cuerpo humano constituyen nuestra microbiota y sus genes se conocen como microbioma. La microbiota del intestino está implicada en una gran variedad de funciones. En el momento actual, hay bastantes evidencias que indican que en los últimos 60 años se ha producido un importante cambio en la composición de nuestra microbiota. Los cambios dietéticos han mostrado tener importantes efectos sobren la microbiota en muy corto espacio de tiempo. El patrón de dieta mediterránea provoca cambios en la microbiota hacia un perfil más saludable. Los cambios que induce la dieta mediterránea podrían explicarse, en gran medida, por la riqueza en polifenoles de la misma.

Rectus Femoris Cross-Sectional Area and Phase Angle asPredictors of 12-Month Mortality in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients.

BACKGROUND: The value of the phase angle (PhA), measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), could be considered a good marker of the cell mass and the cell damage of a patient; however, there are new techniques, such as muscle ultrasonography, that allow the quantity and quality of muscle to be assessed in a minimally invasive way. The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic value of morphofunctional techniques in the prognosis of mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included 86 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a mean age of 71 years, 82.7% of whom were male. The nutritional risk of the patients was assessed by means of questionnaires, such as the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), and non-invasive functional techniques, including BIA, nutritional ultrasound, and hand grip strength (HGS). Statistical analysis of the sample was performed using JAMOVI version 2.3.22. RESULTS: Correlations were made between the RF-CSA techniques with PhA (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), BCM (r = 0.70, p < 0.001), SMI (r = 0.64, p < 0.001), and HGS (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The cut-off points for 12-month mortality were PhA = 4.5° (AUC = 0.722, sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 66.6%), BCM = 28.8 kg (AUC = 0.609, sensitivity of 32.4% and specificity of 100.0%), RF-CSA = 3.00 cm2 (AUC = 0.857, sensitivity of 64.4% and specificity of 100.0%), 6MMW = 420 m (AUC = 0.830, sensitivity of 63.27% and specificity of 100.0%), and TUG = 7.2 s (AUC = 0.771, sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 56.67%). In addition, a multivariate analysis was performed with RF-CSA, HR = 8.11 (1.39-47.16, p = 0.020), and PhA of 6.35 (1.29-31.15, p = 0.023), taking into account age, sex, and BMI to determine mortality. Finally, a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted with low or normal values for classical parameters (GAP and T6MM) and new parameters (PhA, BCM, RF-CSA, and TUG). CONCLUSION: RF-CSA and PhA were shown to be good prognostic markers of 12-month mortality and could, therefore, be useful screening tools to complement the nutritional assessment of IPF patients.

Evaluación sensorial de un suplemento nutricional oral específico para diabetescon aceite de oliva virgen extra en pacientes en riesgo nutricional y diabetes mellitustipo 2: ensayo clínico doble ciego, aleatorizado, cruzado y multicéntrico (DIACARE) / Organoleptic evaluation of a diabetes-specific oral nutritional supplement with extra virgin olive oil in patients at nutritional risk and type 2 diabetes mellitus: double-blind, randomized, crossover and multicenter clinical trial (DIACARE)

Introducción: las fórmulas nutricionales específicas para diabetes (FED) suelen presentar una composición que favorece simultáneamente su palatabilidad y el control glucémico y metabólico.Objetivo: comparar la aceptación sensorial de un FED respecto a un suplemento nutricional oral estándar (FE) en pacientes en riesgo de desnutrición con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.Método: ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado, multicéntrico y controlado. Se evaluó, a través de una escala del 1 al 4, el olor, el sabor y la textura percibida de un FED y de un FE.Resultados: se reclutaron a 29 pacientes y 58 evaluaciones sensoriales de los suplementos. Se observó una mejor valoración de la FED respecto a la FE, aunque no se alcanzaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas: olor, 0,04 (IC 95 %), de -0,49 a 0,56 (p = 0,092); sabor, 0,14 (IC 95 %), de -0,35 a 0,63 (p = 0,561); textura, 0,14, (IC 95 %), de -0,43 a 0,72 (p = 0,619). No se encontraron diferencias cuando se analizaron por orden de aleatorización, sexo, grado de desnutrición, mayor o menor grado de complejidad, mayor o menor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, ni por ser más o menos mayores. Conclusiones: el suplemento nutricional específico para paciente con diabetes, formulado con aceite de oliva virgen extra, EPA y DHA, una mezcla específica en hidratos de carbono, fibra soluble e insoluble, presentó una adecuada aceptación sensorial del paciente desnutrido con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.(AU)

Introduction: oral nutritional supplements specific for diabetes (DSF) usually have a composition that favors their palatability and simultaneous glycemic and metabolic control. Objective: to compare the sensory acceptability of a DSF with respect to a standard oral nutritional supplement (STF) in patients at risk of malnutrition with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicenter, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Odor, taste and perceived texture of a DSF and a STD were evaluated using a scale of 1 to 4. Results: twenty-nine patients were recruited and 58 organoleptic evaluations of the supplements were registered. A better evaluation of DSF was observed with respect to STD, although no statistically significant differences were reached: odor, 0.04 (CI 95 %) -0.49 to 0.56 (p = 0.092); taste, 0.14 (CI 95 %), -0.35 to 0.63 (p = 0.561); texture, 0.14 (CI 95 %), -0.43 to 0.72 (p = 0.619). No differences were found when analyzed by order of randomization, sex, degree of malnutrition, greater or lesser degree of complexity, greater or lesser time of evolution of diabetes, or by being older or younger. Conclusions: the specific nutritional supplement for diabetic patients formulated with extra virgin olive oil, EPA and DHA, a specific mixture of carbohydrates, and fiber, presented an adequate sensory acceptance by malnourished patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.(AU)

Glycaemic and insulinaemic impact of a diabetes-specific oral nutritional supplement with extra-virgin olive oil in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at nutritional risk: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicentre clinical trial (DiACARE) / Impacto glucémico e insulinémico de un suplemento nutricional oral con AOVE específico para diabetes en pacientes en riesgo nutricional y con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado y multicéntrico (DIACARE)

Introduction: there is controversy about the usefulness of specific enteral nutrition formulas in malnourished patients with diabetes. The effects on blood glucose and other aspects of metabolic control are not fully understood in the scientific literature. Objective: the aim of the study was to compare the glycaemic and insulinaemic response of patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of malnutrition after oral feed between a diabetes-specific formula with AOVE (DSF) and a standard one (STF). Methods: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicentre clinical trial was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of malnutrition (SGA). The patients were randomized to receive either DSF or STF, a week apart. A glycaemia and insulinaemia curve was made at times 0 minutes, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, and 180 min after the patients drank 200 ml of the oral nutritional supplement (ONS). The principal variables were the area under the curve (AUC0-t) of glucose and insulin. Results: 29 patients (51 % women) were included, who were on average 68.84 (SD 11.37) years old. Regarding the degree of malnutrition, 86.2 % presented moderate malnutrition (B) and 13.8 % severe (C). When the patients received the DSF, they had a lower mean of glucose AUC0-t (-3,325.34 mg/min/dl [95 % CI: -4,3608.34 to -2,290.07]; p = 0.016) and also a lower mean of insulin AUC0-t (-451.14 uU/min/ml [95 % CI: -875,10 to -27.17]; p = 0.038). There were no differences in the degree of malnutrition. Conclusion: compared with STF, DSF with AOVE showed a better glycaemic and insulinaemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of malnutrition.(AU)

Introducción: la utilidad de las fórmulas específicas de nutrición enteral en el paciente desnutrido con diabetes resulta controvertida. Sus efectossobre la glucosa en sangre y otros aspectos del control metabólico no se conocen del todo en la literatura científica.Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue comparar la respuesta glucémica e insulinémica de los pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2 (DM2) en riesgode desnutrición tras la ingesta oral de una fórmula específica para diabetes (DSF) con aceite de oliva virgen extra (AOVE) y una estándar (STF).Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado y multicéntrico enpacientes con DM2 en riesgo de desnutrición (SGA). Los pacientes seasignaron aleatoriamente para recibir DSF o STF con una semana de diferencia. Se realizó una curva de glucemia e insulinemia en los siguientestiempos: 0 minutos, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min y 180 min tras la ingesta de 200 ml del suplemento nutricional oral (SNO). Las variablesprincipales fueron el área bajo la curva (AUC0-t) de glucosa e insulina.Resultados: se incluyeron 29 pacientes (51 % mujeres), con una edad media de 68,84 años (DE 11,37). En cuanto al grado de desnutrición,el 86,2 % presentaba desnutrición moderada (B) y el 13,8 %, severa (C). Cuando los pacientes recibieron DSF tuvieron una media más bajade AUC0-t de glucosa (-3325,34 mg/min/dl [IC 95 %: de -4.3608,34 a -2.290,07]; p = 0,016) y también una media más baja de AUC0-t deinsulina (-451,14 μU/min/ml [IC 95 %: de -875,10 a -27,17]; p = 0,038) respecto a cuando recibieron STF. No hubo diferencias por el gradode desnutrición.Conclusión: la fórmula con AOVE específica para diabetes mostró una mejor respuesta glucémica e insulinémica en pacientes con diabetes detipo 2 en riesgo de desnutrición respecto a una fórmula estándar.(AU)

[Organoleptic evaluation of a diabetes-specific oral nutritional supplement with extra virgin olive oil in patients at nutritional risk and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Double-blind, randomized, crossover and multicenter clinical trial (DIACARE)]. / Evaluación sensorial de un suplemento nutricional oral específico para diabetes con aceite de oliva virgen extra en pacientes en riesgo nutricional y diabetes mellitus tipo 2: ensayo clínico doble ciego, aleatorizado, cruzado y multicéntrico (DIACARE.

Introduction: Introduction: oral nutritional supplements specific for diabetes (DSF) usually have a composition that favors their palatability and simultaneous glycemic and metabolic control. Objetive: to compare the sensory acceptability of a DSF with respect to a standard oral nutritional supplement (STF) in patients at risk of malnutrition with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicenter, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Odor, taste and perceived texture of a DSF and a STD were evaluated using a scale of 1 to 4. Results: twenty-nine patients were recruited and 58 organoleptic evaluations of the supplements were registered. A better evaluation of DSF was observed with respect to STD, although no statistically significant differences were reached: odor, 0.04 (CI 95 %) -0.49 to 0.56 (p = 0.092); taste, 0.14 (CI 95 %), -0.35 to 0.63 (p = 0.561); texture, 0.14 (CI 95 %), -0.43 to 0.72 (p = 0.619). No differences were found when analyzed by order of randomization, sex, degree of malnutrition, greater or lesser degree of complexity, greater or lesser time of evolution of diabetes, or by being older or younger. Conclusions: the specific nutritional supplement for diabetic patients formulated with extra virgin olive oil, EPA and DHA, a specific mixture of carbohydrates, and fiber, presented an adequate sensory acceptance by malnourished patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introducción: Introducción: las fórmulas nutricionales específicas para diabetes (FED) suelen presentar una composición que favorece simultáneamente su palatabilidad y el control glucémico y metabólico. Objetivo: comparar la aceptación sensorial de un FED respecto a un suplemento nutricional oral estándar (FE) en pacientes en riesgo de desnutrición con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Método: ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado, multicéntrico y controlado. Se evaluó, a través de una escala del 1 al 4, el olor, el sabor y la textura percibida de un FED y de un FE. Resultados: se reclutaron a 29 pacientes y 58 evaluaciones sensoriales de los suplementos. Se observó una mejor valoración de la FED respecto a la FE, aunque no se alcanzaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas: olor, 0,04 (IC 95 %), de -0,49 a 0,56 (p = 0,092); sabor, 0,14 (IC 95 %), de -0,35 a 0,63 (p = 0,561); textura, 0,14, (IC 95 %), de -0,43 a 0,72 (p = 0,619). No se encontraron diferencias cuando se analizaron por orden de aleatorización, sexo, grado de desnutrición, mayor o menor grado de complejidad, mayor o menor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, ni por ser más o menos mayores. Conclusiones: el suplemento nutricional específico para paciente con diabetes, formulado con aceite de oliva virgen extra, EPA y DHA, una mezcla específica en hidratos de carbono, fibra soluble e insoluble, presentó una adecuada aceptación sensorial del paciente desnutrido con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Glycaemic and insulinaemic impact of a diabetes-specific oral nutritional supplement with extra-virgin olive oil in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at nutritional risk: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicentre clinical trial (DIACARE).

Introduction: Introduction: there is controversy about the usefulness of specific enteral nutrition formulas in malnourished patients with diabetes. The effects on blood glucose and other aspects of metabolic control are not fully understood in the scientific literature. Objective: the aim of the study was to compare the glycaemic and insulinaemic response of patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of malnutrition after oral feed between a diabetes-specific formula with AOVE (DSF) and a standard one (STF). Methods: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, multicentre clinical trial was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of malnutrition (SGA). The patients were randomized to receive either DSF or STF, a week apart. A glycaemia and insulinaemia curve was made at times 0 minutes, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, and 180 min after the patients drank 200 ml of the oral nutritional supplement (ONS). The principal variables were the area under the curve (AUC0-t) of glucose and insulin. Results: 29 patients (51 % women) were included, who were on average 68.84 (SD 11.37) years old. Regarding the degree of malnutrition, 86.2 % presented moderate malnutrition (B) and 13.8 % severe (C). When the patients received the DSF, they had a lower mean of glucose AUC0-t (-3,325.34 mg/min/dl [95 % CI: -4,3608.34 to -2,290.07]; p = 0.016) and also a lower mean of insulin AUC0-t (-451.14 uU/min/ml [95 % CI: -875,10 to -27.17]; p = 0.038). There were no differences in the degree of malnutrition. Conclusion: compared with STF, DSF with AOVE showed a better glycaemic and insulinaemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of malnutrition.

Introducción: Introducción: la utilidad de las fórmulas específicas de nutrición enteral en el paciente desnutrido con diabetes resulta controvertida. Sus efectos sobre la glucosa en sangre y otros aspectos del control metabólico no se conocen del todo en la literatura científica. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue comparar la respuesta glucémica e insulinémica de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) en riesgo de desnutrición tras la ingesta oral de una fórmula específica para diabetes (DSF) con aceite de oliva virgen extra (AOVE) y una estándar (STF). Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, cruzado y multicéntrico enpacientes con DM2 en riesgo de desnutrición (SGA). Los pacientes se asignaron aleatoriamente para recibir DSF o STF con una semana de diferencia. Se realizó una curva de glucemia e insulinemia en los siguientes tiempos: 0 minutos, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min y 180 min tras la ingesta de 200 ml del suplemento nutricional oral (SNO). Las variables principales fueron el área bajo la curva (AUC0-t) de glucosa e insulina. Resultados: se incluyeron 29 pacientes (51 % mujeres), con una edad media de 68,84 años (DE 11,37). En cuanto al grado de desnutrición, el 86,2 % presentaba desnutrición moderada (B) y el 13,8 %, severa (C). Cuando los pacientes recibieron DSF tuvieron una media más baja de AUC0-t de glucosa (-3325,34 mg/min/dl [IC 95 %: de -4.3608,34 a -2.290,07]; p = 0,016) y también una media más baja de AUC0-t de insulina (-451,14 uU/min/ml [IC 95 %: de -875,10 a -27,17]; p = 0,038) respecto a cuando recibieron STF. No hubo diferencias por el grado de desnutrición. Conclusión: la fórmula con AOVE específica para diabetes mostró una mejor respuesta glucémica e insulinémica en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en riesgo de desnutrición respecto a una fórmula estándar.

Nutritional ultrasound®: Conceptualisation, technical considerations and standardisation.

Nutritional ultrasound® is a new concept that uses ultrasound to assess body composition. It is composed of the evaluation of fat-free mass and fat mass. It is an emerging, economical, portable, non-invasive technique that evaluates the musculoskeletal area with linear, broadband, multifrequency probes, with a depth field of 20-100mm. It quantifies muscle modifications in malnutrition and provides information on functional changes (echogenicity). Although there are no validated specific cut-off points, the anterior rectum area of the quadriceps can be used as a criterion for malnutrition. The distribution of adipose tissue provides information on the energy reserve and the inflammatory pattern. It is important to integrate nutritional ultrasound® measures in clinical practice adapted to different settings and pathologies. It is necessary to establish training plans in nutritional ultrasound® for use by Endocrinology and Nutrition Specialists, with the aim of improving the diagnosis and treatment of their patients.

Morfo-functional nutritional status in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNET).

INTRODUCTION: Patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNET) can suffer from malnutrition. This is the first descriptive study of morfo-functional evaluation in GEPNET. OBJETIVES: To describe a morfo-functional evaluation, and to compare with reference population available, and to correlate different nutritional parameters. Moreover, to compare nutritional evaluation in our study with another same location non-neuroendocrine tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study, 50 patients with GEPNET, medium age 61 years. It was collected clinico-pathological characteristics and nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric, laboratory test, bioelectrical impedance analysis, phase angle, hand grip strength, and rectus femoris ultrasound for the assessment of muscle mass. We used SPSS statistics to describe and to analyze correlations of different variables. RESULTS: Most frequent location of tumor was pancreas and small bowel, tumor grade 1 and advance stage. In morfo-functional evaluation highlighted: a low fat mass percentage (23,5 vs 34,4%), low muscle mass percentage (36,5 vs 41,2%) and low body mass cell percentage (40,4 vs 48,8%) compared with reference population available by sex and age. Standarized phase angle by sex and age result as positive (+0,851). There was no difference in hand grip strength compared with reference population. After a review of differents studies available, phase angle and hand grip strength of non neuroendocrine tumors in same location, could suggest a minor affection of nutritional state in our GEPNET sample. A positive correlation was observed between non classic methods of nutritional evaluation such as bioelectrical impedance analysis, hand grip strength and rectus femoris ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNET) show a moderate affection of nutritional status in comparison to general population. Morphofunctional assessment provide us a precise knowledge about nutritional status.

Documento internacional de consenso sobre apnea obstructiva del sueño / International Consensus Document on Obstructive Sleep Apnea

El objetivo principal de este documento internacional de consenso sobre apnea obstructiva del sueño es proporcionar unas directrices que permitan a los profesionales sanitarios tomar las mejores decisiones en la asistencia de los pacientes adultos con esta enfermedad según un resumen crítico de la literatura más actualizada. El grupo de trabajo de expertos se ha constituido principalmente por 17 sociedades científicas y 56 especialistas con amplia representación geográfica (con la participación de 4 sociedades internacionales), además de un metodólogo experto y un documentalista del Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano. El documento consta de un manuscrito principal, con las novedades más relevantes, y una serie de manuscritos online que recogen las búsquedas bibliográficas sistemáticas de cada uno de los apartados del documento internacional de consenso. Este documento no cubre la edad pediátrica ni el manejo del paciente en ventilación mecánica crónica no invasiva (que se publicarán en sendos documentos de consenso aparte). Palabras clave: Apnea obstructiva del sueño Diagnóstico Tratamiento

The main aim of this international consensus document on obstructive sleep apnea is to provide guidelines based on a critical analysis of the latest literature to help health professionals make the best decisions in the care of adult patients with this disease. The expert working group was formed primarily of 17 scientific societies and 56 specialists from a wide geographical area (including the participation of 4 international societies), an expert in methodology, and a documentalist from the Iberoamerican Cochrane Center. The document consists of a main section containing the most significant innovations and a series of online manuscripts that report the systematic literature searches performed for each section of the international consensus document. This document does not discuss pediatric patients or the management of patients receiving chronic non-invasive mechanical ventilation (these topics will be addressed in separate consensus documents). Keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea Diagnosis Treatment

Adherence and tolerance as key in brake on weight loss in cancer patients with nutritional risk after intervention with a high calorie nutritional and specific hyperproteic supplement / Adherencia y tolerancia como claves en la detención de la pérdida de peso en pacientes oncológicos sometidos a radioterapia mediante una estrategia de suplementación precoz con una fórmula enteral hipercalórica e hiperproteica específica

Background: In patients with nutritional risk, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommends nutritional supplements during cancer treatment to prevent weight loss. Objectives: Our goal is to determine the acceptability, compliance and tolerance of a hyperproteic, high-calorie, omega-3 enriched supplement in cancer patients. Methods: Unicentric, prospective observational study in cancer patients with hyperproteic, high-calorie, rich in omega 3 and low volume nutritional supplement. Thirty patients with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition were included. Supplementation lasted six days. Compliance (packaging used), acceptability (Madrid scale), anthropometric variables and gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results: Seventy per cent were men, with an average age of 60 years (range 32-79), with lung (43.3%), ENT (26.7%) and breast neoplasms (13.3%), stage III-IV (56.7%), and treated with radiotherapy (93.3%), chemotherapy (60%) and surgery (16.7%). The product was accepted by all patients. A compliance rate of 100% was observed. Gastrointestinal AE (grade II) related to the supplement was observed in two patients (6.7%). Both subjects had previous gastrointestinal diseases. The median weight, body mass index (BMI) and protein intake increased during supplementation (0.2 kg, 0.1 kg/m2 and 6.2 g). No differences were observed regarding calorie, fat and carbohydrates intake. Conclusion: The high acceptance and compliance with the specific nutritional supplement was associated with an improved nutritional status for cancer patients, and reversed the weight loss without severe gastrointestinal problems, or producing intake displacement.

Introducción: en pacientes con riesgo nutricional, la Sociedad Europea de Clínica y Metabolismo (ESPEN) y Parenteral recomienda suplementos nutricionales durante el tratamiento oncológico para prevenir la pérdida de peso involuntaria. Objetivos: nuestro objetivo es conocer el cumplimiento, la aceptabilidad y la tolerancia de un suplemento hiperproteico, hipercalórico, rico en omega 3 en pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: estudio unicéntrico, observacional y prospectivo en pacientes oncológicos con un suplemento nutricional hiperproteico, hipercalórico, rico en omega 3 y de bajo volumen. Fueron incluidos 30 pacientes con desnutrición o en riesgo de desnutrición. La suplementación duró seis días. Se evaluaron el cumplimiento (envases utilizado), la aceptabilidad (escala Madrid), las variables antropométricas y los acontecimientos adversos (AA) gastrointestinales. Resultados: el 70% fueron hombres, con una edad media de 60 años (rango: 32 a 79) y con neoplasias de pulmón (43,3%), ORL (26,7%) y mama (13,3%), en estadio III-IV (56,7%), tratados con radioterapia (93,3%), quimioterapia (60%) y cirugía (16,7%). El producto fue aceptado por todos los pacientes. Se observó un cumplimiento del 100%. En dos pacientes (6,7%) se observaron AA gastrointestinales (grado II) relacionados con el suplemento; ambos sujetos presentaban patologías gastrointestinales previas. La mediana del peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y proteínas ingeridas aumentó durante la suplementación (0,2 kg, 0,1 kg/m2 y 6,2 g). No se observaron diferencias respecto a la ingesta de calorías, lípidos y carbohidratos. Conclusión: la elevada aceptación y cumplimiento del suplemento nutricional específico se asoció con la mejora nutricional de los pacientes oncológicos, pues revirtió la pérdida de peso, sin presentar problemas gastrointestinales severos ni producir desplazamiento de la ingesta.

Adherencia y tolerancia como claves en la detención de la pérdida de peso en pacientes oncológicos sometidos a radioterapia mediante una estrategia de suplementación precoz con una fórmula enteral hipercalórica e hiperproteica específica / Adherence and tolerance as key in brake on weight loss in cancer patients with nutritional risk after intervention with a high calorie nutritional and specific hyperproteic supplement

Introducción: en pacientes con riesgo nutricional, la Sociedad Europea de Clínica y Metabolismo (ESPEN) y Parenteral recomienda suplementos nutricionales durante el tratamiento oncológico para prevenir la pérdida de peso involuntaria. Objetivos: nuestro objetivo es conocer el cumplimiento, la aceptabilidad y la tolerancia de un suplemento hiperproteico, hipercalórico, rico en omega 3 en pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: estudio unicéntrico, observacional y prospectivo en pacientes oncológicos con un suplemento nutricional hiperproteico, hipercalórico, rico en omega 3 y de bajo volumen. Fueron incluidos 30 pacientes con desnutrición o en riesgo de desnutrición. La suplementación duró seis días. Se evaluaron el cumplimiento (envases utilizado), la aceptabilidad (escala Madrid), las variables antropométricas y los acontecimientos adversos (AA) gastrointestinales. Resultados: el 70% fueron hombres, con una edad media de 60 años (rango: 32 a 79) y con neoplasias de pulmón (43,3%), ORL (26,7%) y mama (13,3%), en estadio III-IV (56,7%), tratados con radioterapia (93,3%), quimioterapia (60%) y cirugía (16,7%). El producto fue aceptado por todos los pacientes. Se observó un cumplimiento del 100%. En dos pacientes (6,7%) se observaron AA gastrointestinales (grado II) relacionados con el suplemento; ambos sujetos presentaban patologías gastrointestinales previas. La mediana del peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y proteínas ingeridas aumentó durante la suplementación (0,2 kg, 0,1 kg/m2 y 6,2 g). No se observaron diferencias respecto a la ingesta de calorías, lípidos y carbohidratos. Conclusión: la elevada aceptación y cumplimiento del suplemento nutricional específico se asoció con la mejora nutricional de los pacientes oncológicos, pues revirtió la pérdida de peso, sin presentar problemas gastrointestinales severos ni producir desplazamiento de la ingesta (AU)

Background: In patients with nutritional risk, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommends nutritional supplements during cancer treatment to prevent weight loss. Objectives: Our goal is to determine the acceptability, compliance and tolerance of a hyperproteic, high-calorie, omega-3 enriched supplement in cancer patients. Methods: Unicentric, prospective observational study in cancer patients with hyperproteic, high-calorie, rich in omega 3 and low volume nutritional supplement. Thirty patients with malnutrition or risk of malnutrition were included. Supplementation lasted six days. Compliance (packaging used), acceptability (Madrid scale), anthropometric variables and gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results: Seventy per cent were men, with an average age of 60 years (range 32-79), with lung (43.3%), ENT (26.7%) and breast neoplasms (13.3%), stage III-IV (56.7%), and treated with radiotherapy (93.3%), chemotherapy (60%) and surgery (16.7%). The product was accepted by all patients. A compliance rate of 100% was observed. Gastrointestinal AE (grade II) related to the supplement was observed in two patients (6.7%). Both subjects had previous gastrointestinal diseases. The median weight, body mass index (BMI) and protein intake increased during supplementation (0.2 kg, 0.1 kg/m2 and 6.2 g). No differences were observed regarding calorie, fat and carbohydrates intake. Conclusion: The high acceptance and compliance with the specific nutritional supplement was associated with an improved nutritional status for cancer patients, and reversed the weight loss without severe gastrointestinal problems, or producing intake displacement (AU)

Síndrome de Cushing por hiperplasia suprarrenal macronodular bilateral con receptores aberrantes / Cushing's syndrome in a patient with macronodular adrenal hyperplasia secondary to aberrant hormone receptors

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